How the Royal Family Curtseys to the Queen

Family consisting of shut relatives of the monarch of the United kingdom

The British majestic family comprises Queen Elizabeth Two and her shut relations. In that location is no strict legal or formal definition of who is or is not a member, although the Purple Household has issued different lists outlining who is a office of the royal family unit.^{[i] [two]} Many members represent the British monarchy and support the monarch in undertaking public engagements and often pursue charitable piece of work and interests. The purple family are regarded every bit British cultural icons.

Members

The monarchical caput of state of the Great britain and xiv other Democracy realms is Queen Elizabeth II. She is the head of the royal family unit.^[iii] She has iv children, 8 grandchildren, and twelve great-grandchildren.^{[iv] [5]} The Lord Chamberlain's "Listing of the Royal Family" mentions all of George Six'due south descendants and their spouses (including Sarah, Duchess of York, who is divorced), along with the Queen'south cousins with royal rank and their spouses.^[6] The Lord Chamberlain'south list applies for the purposes of regulating the employ of imperial symbols and images of the family unit.^[7] Meanwhile, the website of the royal family unit provides a list of "Members of the Majestic Family"; those listed correspond to the royal family members mentioned and pictured below, with the exception of Princess Beatrice, Princess Eugenie, and the Duchess of Kent.^[8] The regal family's guidelines on greeting a member of the imperial family unit say they should start be greeted with "Your Regal Highness".^[9] The status of Regal Highness is restricted to children of a monarch, male-line grandchildren of a monarch, the children of the eldest kid of the Prince of Wales, and their wives.

• The cadre of the royal family is made upwardly of Queen Elizabeth II; Charles, Prince of Wales; Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall; Prince William, Duke of Cambridge; Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge; Anne, Princess Purple; Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex; and Sophie, Countess of Wessex. They carry out royal duties full-time.^[10]
• Lower profile relatives who perform some duties are Prince Edward, Duke of Kent; Princess Alexandra; Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester; and Birgitte, Duchess of Gloucester.^[ten]
• Other members of the royal family with royal rank who exercise not carry out official duties are Prince Andrew, Duke of York; Prince Harry, Knuckles of Sussex; Meghan, Duchess of Sussex; Princess Beatrice; Princess Eugenie; Katharine, Duchess of Kent; and Prince and Princess Michael of Kent.^[10]

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Current British royal family tree

Male monarch George V † Queen Mary † King George Six † Queen Elizabeth † Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester † Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester † Prince George, Duke of Kent † Princess Marina, Duchess of Kent † Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh † The Queen Antony Armstrong-Jones, 1st Earl of Snowdon † Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon † The Duke of Gloucester (31) The Duchess of Gloucester The Knuckles of Kent (41) The Duchess of Kent Sir Angus Ogilvy † Princess Alexandra (57) Prince Michael of Kent (52) Princess Michael of Kent Diana, Princess of Wales † The Prince of Wales (1) The Duchess of Cornwall Mark Phillips The Princess Royal (17) Sir Timothy Laurence The Duke of York (9) Sarah, Duchess of York The Earl of Wessex (fourteen) The Countess of Wessex The Earl of Snowdon (25) The Countess of Snowdon Daniel Chatto Lady Sarah Chatto (28) The Knuckles of Cambridge (two) The Duchess of Cambridge The Duke of Sussex (6) The Duchess of Sussex Peter Phillips (18) Autumn Phillips Zara Tindall (21) Michael Tindall Edoardo Mapelli Mozzi Princess Beatrice (10) Jack Brooksbank Princess Eugenie (12) Lady Louise Mountbatten-Windsor (xvi) Viscount Severn (15) Viscount Linley (26) Lady Margarita Armstrong-Jones (27) Samuel Chatto (29) Arthur Chatto (30) Prince George of Cambridge (3) Princess Charlotte of Cambridge (4) Prince Louis of Cambridge (5) Archie Mountbatten-Windsor (seven) Lilibet Mountbatten-Windsor (8) Savannah Phillips (nineteen) Isla Phillips (20) Mia Tindall (22) Lena Tindall (23) Lucas Tindall (24) Sienna Mapelli Mozzi (11) Baronial Brooksbank (xiii) Notes Numbers in brackets betoken places in the line of succession.[11] [12] [xiii] Boxes indicate living individuals with royal titles and styles. Purple indicates living individuals listed or described as members of the royal family on the official website.[14] Boldface indicates living individuals listed equally members of the royal family unit in Lord Chamberlain's Diamond Jubilee Guidelines in 2012,[fifteen] Italics indicate individuals born or married into the family after the Diamond Jubilee. Dashed lines indicate married couples, dotted lines divorced couples.[12] Dagger (†) indicates deceased individuals.

Titles and surnames

Matrimony certificate of Elizabeth Windsor and Philip Mountbatten, signed past members of the royal family unit

The monarch's children and patrilineal grandchildren, and the children of the eldest son of the Prince of Wales, are automatically entitled to be known as prince or princess with the mode His or Her Royal Highness (HRH).^[16] Royal peerages, often dukedoms, are bestowed upon most princes prior to marriage.^{[17] [xviii]} Peter Phillips and Zara Tindall, children of the Queen's daughter, Princess Anne, are therefore not prince and princess. Lady Louise Mountbatten-Windsor and James Mountbatten-Windsor, Viscount Severn, though entitled to the dignity, are not chosen prince and princess because their parents, the Earl and Countess of Wessex, wanted them to have more modest titles.^[xvi] Prince Charles reportedly wishes to reduce the number of titled members of the royal family unit when he becomes king.^[19]

Per tradition, wives of male members of the royal family share their husbands' title and mode.^[20] Princesses past wedlock practice not have the championship prefixed to their own name^[xvi] but to their married man's; for example, the wife of Prince Michael of Kent is Princess Michael of Kent.^[20] Sons of monarchs are customarily given dukedoms upon marriage, and these peerage titles pass to their eldest sons.^[20]

Male-line descendants of King George Five, including women until they marry, bear the surname Windsor. The surname of the male person-line descendants of Queen Elizabeth II, except for women who marry, is Mountbatten-Windsor, reflecting the proper name taken by her Greek-born husband, Prince Philip, Knuckles of Edinburgh, upon his naturalisation. A surname is generally not needed by members of the purple family who are entitled to the titles of prince or princess and the fashion His or Her Regal Highness. Such individuals use surnames on official documents such every bit union registers.^[21]

Public office

Official duties are undertaken on behalf of Queen Elizabeth II by her children and their spouses, grandchildren and their spouses, and cousins and their spouses. Among her cousins, just the children of King George 5'southward sons carry out royal engagements. The family unit support the Queen in her country and national duties, with the exception of ramble functions.^{[22] [23]} If the sovereign is indisposed, two Counsellors of State are required to fulfil her role, of which Prince Charles, Prince William, Prince Harry, and Prince Andrew can serve.^[23]

Each year the family "carries out over 2,000 official engagements throughout the United kingdom and worldwide", entertaining 70,000 guests and answering 100,000 letters.^{[22] [24]} Engagements include state funerals, national festivities, garden parties, receptions, and visits to the Armed Forces.^[22] Many members accept served in the Military machine themselves, including the Queen's sons and grandsons.^{[25] [24]} Engagements are recorded in the Court Circular, a listing of daily appointments and events attended by the royal family.^[26] Public appearances are often accompanied by walkabouts, where royals greet and converse with members of the public outside events.^[27]

Almanac events attended by the royal family include the State Opening of Parliament, Trooping the Colour, and the National Service of Remembrance.^[23] Co-ordinate to historian Robert Lacey, the Queen has said that investitures of the honours recipients are the most important matter she does.^[28] Prince William, Prince Charles, and Princess Anne also perform investitures.^{[29] [23]} Family members represent the Queen on official visits and tours to other countries every bit ambassadors to foster diplomatic relations.^{[25] [24] [30]} They have also attended Commonwealth meetings on the monarch's behalf.^[23] The royal family likewise participates in state visits on the advice of the Strange and Republic Function, which includes the welcoming of dignitaries and a formal banquet.^[31] Journalist James Forsyth has referred to the family unit equally "soft ability assets".^[32]

Given the royal family unit's public role and activities, it is sometimes referred to past courtiers equally "The Firm", a term that originated with George Half-dozen.^{[33] [34]} Members of the purple family are politically and commercially, avoiding disharmonize of interest with their public roles.^[35] The royal family unit are considered British cultural icons, with young adults from abroad naming the family amidst a group of people who they almost associated with British civilization.^[36] Members are expected to promote British industry.^[37] Royals are oftentimes members of the Church of England, headed past the monarch, and accept previously served as Lord High Commissioner to the Church of Scotland.^{[38] [39]}

Members of the imperial family unit are patrons for approximately 3,000 charities,^[24] and take also started their ain nonprofit organisations.^[25] Prince Charles started The Prince'south Trust, which helps immature people in the UK that are disadvantaged.^[40] Princess Anne started The Princess Royal Trust for Carers, which helps unpaid carers, giving them emotional support and data about benefit claims and disability aids.^[41] The Earl and Countess of Wessex founded the Wessex Youth Trust, since renamed The Earl and Countess of Wessex Charitable Trust, in 1999.^[42] The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge are founding patrons of The Majestic Foundation, whose projects circumduct around mental health, conservation, the early years, and emergency responders.^[43]

In 2019, post-obit the negative reactions to the "Prince Andrew & the Epstein Scandal" interview, the Duke of York was forced to resign from public roles; the retirement became permanent in 2020.^[44] The Duke and Duchess of Sussex permanently withdrew from imperial duties in early 2020.^[45] Following these departures, there is a shortage of purple family members to encompass the increasing number of patronages and engagements.^[10]

Media and criticism

Purple biographer Penny Junor says that the imperial family has presented itself "as the model family" since the 1930s.^[10] Author Edward Owen wrote that during World War II, the monarchy sought an epitome of a "more informal and vulnerable family unit" that had a unifying result on the nation during instability.^[46] In 1992, the Princess Royal and her husband Marker Phillips divorced; the Prince and Princess of Wales separated; a biography detailing the Princess'due south bulimia and self-harming was published; her private telephone conversations surfaced, as did the Prince'south intimate telephone conversations with his lover, Camilla Parker Bowles; the Knuckles and Duchess of York separated; and photographs of the topless Duchess having her toes sucked past another human being appeared in tabloids. Historian Robert Lacey said that this "put paid to any merits to being a model of family life". The scandals contributed to the public's unwillingness to pay for the repairs of the Windsor Castle after the 1992 burn. A farther "PR disaster" was the royal family'southward initial response to the death of Diana, Princess of Wales, in 1997.^[28]

In the 1990s, the royal family formed the Way Ahead Group, fabricated upward of senior family unit members and advisers and headed past the Queen, in a quest to change in accordance with public opinion.^{[28] [47]} The 2011 wedding ceremony of Prince William and Catherine Middleton led to a "tide of goodwill", and by the Queen's Diamond Jubilee in 2012 the royal family'due south epitome had recovered.^[28] A 2019 YouGov poll showed that two-thirds of British people were in favour of maintaining the royal family.^[48] The role and public relations of the extended regal family again came nether increased scrutiny due to the Duke of York'south friendship with convicted sex offender Jeffrey Epstein and allegations of sexual corruption, along with his unapologetic bear in the 2019 interview virtually these subjects and subsequent 2021 lawsuit.^{[49] [50] [51]}

In a 2021 interview, the Duchess of Sussex, who is of biracial heritage, declared with her husband that a member of the royal family had expressed business organization about the skin colour of their son, Archie Mountbatten-Windsor.^[52] The interview received a mixed reaction from the British public and media, and several of their claims were called into question.^{[53] [54]} The Duke of Cambridge said the royal family unit were "very much not a racist family unit". In June 2021, documents revealed that "coloured immigrants or foreigners" were banned by the Queen's main financial manager at the time from working for the family as clerks in the 1960s, prompting black studies professor Kehinde Andrews to state that "the royal family has a terrible record on race".^[52] In response, the palace stated that it complied "in principle and in practice" with anti-discrimination legislation, and that 2nd-hand claims of "conversations from over fifty years ago should not be used to draw or infer conclusions about modernistic-day events or operations."^[55]

Historically, the royal family and the media have benefited from each other; the family used the printing to communicate with the public, while the media used the family to attract readers and viewers.^[56] With the advent of goggle box, however, the media started paying less respect to the royal family'south privacy.^[28] Princes William and Harry take had informal arrangements with the printing whereby they would be left alone by the paparazzi during their education in return for invitations to staged photograph opportunities. William has continued the exercise with his family posts on Instagram. Relations between the media and British royals accept been destabilized by the ascension of the digital media, with the quantity of articles becoming paramount toward gaining advertising acquirement, with neither side able to exercise control.^[56] A 2021 BBC documentary suggested that briefings and counter-briefings from different royal households was the reason behind the negative coverage about members of the regal family. Buckingham Palace, Clarence Business firm and Kensington Palace, which represent the Queen, the Prince of Wales and the Knuckles of Cambridge respectively, described these suggestions as "overblown and unfounded claims".^[57]

Funding

The Duchess of Cambridge, escorted past security officers, meets with Sir Michael Dixon

Senior members of the royal family, who represent the monarch, draw their income from public funds known as the sovereign grant.^[3] The sovereign grant is an annual payment of the British government to the monarch. It comes from the revenues of the Crown Estate, which are commercial properties owned by the Crown.^[4] Members of the royal family who receive money from the sovereign grant must be accountable to the public for it and are not allowed to brand money from their proper name.^[3]

The security of the royal family is not paid from the sovereign grant but is normally met instead by the Metropolitan Police.^[58] The royal family, the Home Office, and the Metropolitan Police force make up one's mind which members have a right to taxpayer-funded police security. Extended members do not retain automatic right to protection; in 2011, Princesses Beatrice and Eugenie ceased receiving police security.^{[19] [59]}

Residences

The monarch'southward official residence in London is Buckingham Palace.^[4] Announcements of the births and deaths of members of the royal family are traditionally attached to its forepart railings.^[60] The Queen tends to spend weekends at Windsor Castle.^[4] The Queen's Scottish residence is the Palace of Holyroodhouse, where she resides at the beginning of each summer.^[61] While in Northern Republic of ireland, Hillsborough Castle serves equally a residence for members of the royal family.^[61]

The Prince of Wales and the Duchess of Cornwall's official residence is Clarence House.^[4] Another London residence of the Prince of Wales is St James's Palace, which he shares with the Princess Majestic and Princess Alexandra.^[62] Princess Alexandra likewise resides at Thatched House Lodge in Richmond.^[63] The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge and the Duke and Duchess of Gloucester accept their residences and offices at apartments in Kensington Palace, London.^{[64] [65]} The Knuckles and Duchess of Kent reside in Wren House on the palace grounds.^[66] The Duke of York and his family live at Royal Lodge in Windsor Bang-up Park, while the Earl and Countess of Wessex reside at Bagshot Park in Surrey.^{[67] [68]}

Meet also

• Royal descent
• Military service by British royalty
• Education of the British purple family
• List of honours of the British royal family past state
• Listing of longest-living members of the British royal family

References

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3. ^ ^{a b c} Guy, Jack; Foster, Max; Said-Moorhouse, Lauren (iv June 2021). "The Firm: Britain's purple 'institution' explained". CNN. Retrieved 3 August 2020.
4. ^ ^{a b c d e} "United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland Royal Family: Who is in it and how does it work?". BBC. 9 April 2021. Retrieved 3 Baronial 2020.
5. ^ "Her Majesty The Queen - Spousal relationship and Family". The Royal Family. Retrieved 3 August 2020.
6. ^ "List of the Royal Family" (PDF). purple.gov.great britain. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 Baronial 2020. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
7. ^ "Use of Royal Arms, Names and Images". purple.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 29 October 2019. Retrieved eleven December 2021.
8. ^ "Royal Family". imperial.gov.uk. Archived from the original on eleven December 2021. Retrieved 11 Dec 2021.
9. ^ "Greeting a Member of the Regal Family". imperial.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 13 December 2021. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
10. ^ ^{a b c d e} Davies, Caroline (21 April 2021). "Sophie and Edward: what key role after decease of Prince Philip could mean". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
11. ^ "Succession". royal.britain . Retrieved 4 August 2021.
12. ^ ^{a b} "Who'southward who in the House of Windsor: Queen Elizabeth Two's line of succession". CNN. 7 June 2021. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
13. ^ "The Line Of Succession". www.debretts.com . Retrieved 4 August 2021.
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15. ^ "Lord Chamberlain's Diamond Jubilee Guidelines" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on sixteen January 2013.
16. ^ ^{a b c} Boyle, Christina (10 May 2019). "Archie, the newest British royal family member, has no championship. Here'southward why (we call up)". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
17. ^ Abraham, Ellie. "How Exercise British Royals Go Their Titles?". The Contained . Retrieved xv November 2021.
18. ^ Abrams, Maragret. "What is a knuckles? And how is the championship different from a prince?". Evening Standard . Retrieved 15 Nov 2021.
19. ^ ^{a b} Davies, Caroline (8 March 2021). "Was Meghan's son Archie denied the championship 'prince' because he's mixed race?". The Guardian. Retrieved four Baronial 2020.
20. ^ ^{a b c} "FAQs - Prince Michael of Kent". world wide web.princemichael.org.united kingdom of great britain and northern ireland . Retrieved 4 August 2021.
21. ^ "The Royal Family name". The Royal Family . Retrieved 30 June 2019.
22. ^ ^{a b c} "The role of the Purple Family unit". The Royal Family unit. 23 March 2016. Retrieved 30 June 2019.
23. ^ ^{a b c d due east} Davies, Caroline (29 October 2021). "The royal nosotros: subtle transition as ageing Queen devolves more duties". The Guardian. Retrieved xv November 2021.
24. ^ ^{a b c d} Praderio, Caroline. "Here'due south What The Imperial Family Really Does Every Twenty-four hours". The Independent . Retrieved 15 November 2021.
25. ^ ^{a b c} "Britain Royal Family unit: Who is in it and how does it work?". BBC. ix April 2021. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
26. ^ Said-Moorhouse, Laure. "The Queen returns to majestic duties post-obit Prince Philip'southward death". CNN . Retrieved xv November 2021.
27. ^ Lam, Katherine. "Queen Elizabeth's girl Princess Anne explains why she doesn't milkshake fans' hands". Fox News . Retrieved xv November 2021.
28. ^ ^{a b c d e} Davies, Caroline (24 May 2012). "How the royal family bounced back from its 'annus horribilis'". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 Baronial 2021.
29. ^ "Investitures". The Royal Family. Retrieved 3 August 2020.
30. ^ "Royal diplomacy to play key role in life after Brexit". ITV News . Retrieved fifteen November 2021.
31. ^ "State Visits". The Regal Family unit . Retrieved 15 November 2021.
32. ^ Forsyth, James (13 August 2021). "Britain needs the royal family more than e'er". The Times. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
33. ^ O'Gara, Eilish (12 June 2015). "Financing the business firm: how the royal family make their money". Newsweek . Retrieved 13 Jan 2020.
34. ^ Culbertson, Alix. "Harry and Meghan: What is 'the firm' and how does the Royal Family unit work?". Sky News . Retrieved 15 November 2021.
35. ^ Jack Guy, Max Foster and Lauren Said-Moorhouse (4 June 2021). "The Business firm: U.k.'s purple 'institution' explained". CNN. Retrieved fifteen November 2021.
36. ^ "Culture, attraction and soft power" (PDF). British Council. 12 Dec 2016.
37. ^ Baker, Lindsey. "How purple women have shaped style". BBC . Retrieved 15 Nov 2021.
38. ^ Booth, William. "How the Church of England has shifted on divorce, from Henry VIII to Meghan Markle". Washington Mail. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
39. ^ "The Queen, the Church and other faiths". The Imperial Family unit . Retrieved 15 November 2021.
40. ^ "Our history | The Prince's Trust". www.princes-trust.org.uk . Retrieved 30 June 2019.
41. ^ A"Groundwork – The Princess Royal Trust For Carers – Hampshire Carer Center". carercentre.com. Archived from the original on 26 Nov 2020. Retrieved xxx June 2019.
42. ^ "The Earl and Countess of Wessex Charitable Trust". Charity Commission for England and Wales . Retrieved 11 December 2020.
43. ^ "Our Piece of work". The Purple Foundation . Retrieved 11 December 2020.
44. ^ Nikkhah, Roya (21 May 2020). "Prince Andrew didn't think it was all over, but it is now". The Times . Retrieved 20 July 2020.
45. ^ "Harry and Meghan not returning as working members of Regal Family". BBC. 19 February 2021. Retrieved nineteen February 2021.
46. ^ "Meghan's Use Of "The House" Could Be A Reference To Diana's 1995 Interview". Hurry . Retrieved 15 November 2021.
47. ^ Reynolds, Paul. "Royal Family's changing guard". BBC. Retrieved v Baronial 2021.
48. ^ Anthony, Andrew (14 March 2021). "The monarchy: so what are they for?". The Guardian. Retrieved xiii Jan 2020.
49. ^ Williamson, Harriet (4 September 2020). "Why Practise Royals Get Away With So Much?". Strange Policy. Retrieved 6 August 2021.
50. ^ Haynes, Suyin (21 November 2019). "Prince Andrew Faced Questions About Jeffrey Epstein for Years. Here's Why the Royal Family Finally Reacted". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 6 August 2021.
51. ^ Max Foster, Lauren Said-Moorehouse. "The civil arrange against Prince Andrew has wider implications for the British regal family unit". CNN . Retrieved 6 September 2021.
52. ^ ^{a b} McGee, Luke (3 June 2021). "Britain'due south royals take denied being a racist family. Archived papers reveal recent racist past". CNN. Retrieved vi August 2021.
53. ^ "Meghan and Harry'due south Oprah interview revealed cultural divide between U.K. and America". NBC News.
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55. ^ Kirka, Danica (3 June 2021). "Buckingham Palace barred nonwhites from office jobs in the 1960s, study says". Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 29 Baronial 2021.
56. ^ ^{a b} Taylor, Alex (11 March 2021). "Harry and Meghan: What'south the media'southward 'invisible contract' with British royalty?". CNN. Retrieved 6 August 2021.
57. ^ Lee, Dulcie; Coughlan, Sean (23 November 2021). "The Princes and the Press: BBC responds to claims confronting documentary". BBC . Retrieved 23 November 2021.
58. ^ Edgington, Tom (24 June 2021). "Royal finances: Where does the Queen become her money?". BBC. Retrieved 3 Baronial 2020.
59. ^ Pavia, Lucy. "Why did Harry and Meghan announced to reference Beatrice and Eugenie in Sussex Royal website statement?". Standard . Retrieved 6 September 2021.
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64. ^ Taylor, Elise. "Inside Kensington Palace Apartment 1A, Prince William and Kate Middleton's London Domicile". Vogue . Retrieved 15 November 2021.
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67. ^ "Trespass arrests at Prince Andrew's Windsor abode". BBC . Retrieved 15 November 2021.

Further reading

• Shush'south Guide to the Royal Family. Burke'southward Peerage, 1973.
• Cannon, John Ashton. The Oxford Illustrated History of the British Monarchy. Oxford Academy Press, 1988.
• Churchill, Randolph South. They Serve the Queen: A New and Authoritative Account of the Imperial Household. ("Prepared for Coronation Year") Hutchinson, 1953.
• Fraser, Antonia (ed). The Lives of the Kings & Queens of England. Revised & updated edition. University of California Printing, 1998.
• Hayden, Ilse. Symbol and Privilege: The Ritual Context of British Royalty. University of Arizona Press, 1987.
• Longford, Elizabeth Harman (Countess of Longford). The Royal House of Windsor. Revised edition. Crown, 1984.
• Weir, Alison. U.k.'south Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy. Pimlico/Random House, 2002.
• Royal Family (1969) is a celebrated and reverential BBC documentary made past Richard Cawston to back-trail the investiture of the current Prince of Wales. The documentary is oftentimes held responsible for the greater press intrusion into the royal family's individual life since its first broadcast.

External links

• Official website
• "House of Windsor Family Tree" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 December 2010. (74.two KB)

This page was concluding edited on 1 March 2022, at nineteen:42

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Source: https://wiki2.org/en/British_royal_family

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